and large spatial conservation gaps remain。
and suggests ways to optimize PAs to better conserve biodiversity worldwide. 。
and that this proportion will remain unaltered under future climate change. Indeed， mainly across tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests， over 7.8% of species currently occur outside PAs， we collated distributional data for 14，。
the proportion of effectively protected species is predicted to increase. However。
000 (~70% of) species of amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna) to perform a global assessment of the conservation effectiveness of PAs using species distribution models. Our analyses reveal that 91% of herpetofauna species are currently distributed in PAs， Protected Areas (PAs) are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. Here， loss of species’ distributional ranges will be lower inside PAs than outside them. Therefore， and across non-high-income countries. We also predict that more than 300 amphibian and 500 reptile species may go extinct under climate change over the course of the ongoing century. Our study highlights the importance of PAs in providing herpetofauna with refuge from climate change。