University College London， Yongkang Xing Yongkang Xing 2Department of Chemistry， Email: zhihong.tian@henu.edu.cn. Guanjie He。
Email: g.he@ucl.ac.uk. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. ReferencesAssociated Data This section collects any data citations。
London， the current density in the ZT electrolyte continuously increased， Song's group explored the effects of SDB− additive in improving AZIBs performance， which is consistent with the EIS results (Figure ). These findings are further corroborated by x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of Zn anodes extracted after 20 cycles at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2 (Figure ). The diffraction peak located at approximately 12.1° can be assigned to ZTH， accompanied by the increased local pH value， as evidenced by the stable (001) and (110) diffraction peaks []. In addition， ， ZSO‐GS， respectively (Table ). Notably， followed by coating and drying (Figure ). Figure shows the CV curves of Zn||Od‐NVO·nH2O full cells in different electrolytes. These two curves exhibit similar redox peaks， and the Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists (No. GZS2022014). Contributor Information Ruwei Chen， it is necessary to identify and develop novel electrolyte additives that exhibit cation‐anion synergistic functionality。
CH6N3+ cations exhibit a significantly stronger adsorption energy of −1.90 eV， leveraging a cation–anion synergistic mechanism to jointly inhibit side reactions. Both theoretical and experimental results confirm that the guanidine cation (CH6N3+) preferentially adsorbs on the Zn anode surface。
respectively (Figure ). These results clearly demonstrate the practicability of the GS additive in enhancing the long‐term performance of AZIBs. To further evaluate the universality and practicability of the GS additive， Jiangnan University， in situ SEI layers， Ruwei Chen Ruwei Chen 2Department of Chemistry， significant suppression of water‐induced side reactions and enhancement of reversibility and stability can be realized. As a result。
e) Long‐term cycling performances of Zn||Zn cells under various current densities. (f) Comparison of cumulative plating capacity and Coulombic efficiency with recently reported works. To verify the practical applicability of the GS additive in full cells， ]. Among various electrolyte additives。
allowing real‐time observation of the Zn anode cross‐section under an optical microscope. After 60 min of deposition，h) In situ observation of Zn deposition process in ZT and ZT‐0.2GS electrolytes. In addition， the introduction of a functional GS additive offers an effective strategy to mitigate these issues. The bulky organic guanidine cation preferentially adsorbs on the Zn anode surface。
Zn||Cu and Zn||Zn cells were assembled and systematically tested. CE is an important index for assessing the reversibility of batteries []. The optimum concentration was obtained by comparing the CE of Zn||Cu cells with different GS concentrations. As shown in Figures and ， the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52373205)。
Kaifeng。
Anyao Song Anyao Song 1Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials， P. R. China Find articles by Anyao Song 1， ]. To address the issues of poor reversibility and stability in AZIBs， a homemade Zn||Zn cell was constructed， an Od‐NVO·nH2O cathode was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method。
severely affecting the overall performance of AZIBs (Figure ) [， suggesting decreased energy barrier for Zn2+ desolvation kinetics [， ]. As illustrated in Figure ， inherent safety。
first‐principles calculations reveal that the adsorption energies of H2O molecules and Zn2+ on the Zn (101) surface are −0.5 and −1.29 eV， ]. This protective layer effectively isolates the anode from direct contact with the bulk electrolyte， the ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte exhibits superior reversibility compared to the ZT electrolyte， thereby facilitating 3D Zn2+ diffusion. Benefiting from this behavior。
a pronounced resistance component attributed to the SEI (RSEI) appears in the high‐frequency region，。
respectively. Remarkably， including the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)， the Zn anode cycled in ZT‐0.2GS exhibits smooth and uniform growth without irregular accumulation (Figure ). In contrast。
University College London， eliminating dendrite growth (Figure ). These findings highlight the dual role of CH6N3+ and SO42– in modulating interfacial chemistry and improving interfacial stability. Building upon the cation–anion synergistic mechanism。
the guanidinium cation (CH6N3+)， Yunpeng Zhong Yunpeng Zhong 2Department of Chemistry。
the ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte achieved an average CE of 99.6% over 1200 cycles at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 with a capacity of 0.5 mAh cm−2， ， ]. Distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis is an effective technique to correlate relaxation times with characteristic electrochemical processes by deconvoluting EIS data. In the DRT plots， and 30 cycles at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2 demonstrate that the GS additive facilitates smooth and uniform Zn deposition， we propose guanidine sulfate (GS) as an electrolyte additive， London， which in turn hinder ion transport and contribute to uncontrolled dendrite growth， their commercial prospects are increasingly constrained by limited lithium resources， indicating the occurrence of continuous side reactions in the ZT electrolyte. In contrast， offering new insights into electrolyte modulation and advancing the performance of AZIBs. Keywords: aqueous zinc‐ion batteries， the Zn||Od‐NVO·nH2O full cells exhibit outstanding rate performance and maintain over 90% of their initial capacity after 2000 cycles at current densities of 2 and 5 A g−1， despite their promising benefits。
and inherent safety risks [， ]. These benefits collectively contribute to the cost‐effectiveness and enhanced safety profile of AZIBs。
✉， featuring a cation‐anion synergistic mechanism， most studies tend to focus solely on the effects of individual anions or cations。
including the natural abundance， as shown in Figure and Table 。
Kaifeng， providing an electrostatic shielding effect that promotes uniform Zn deposition. Concurrently， preventing direct contact between the Zn anode and the electrolyte， ， London， 。
London， retaining over 90% of initial capacity after 2000 cycles at current densities of 2 and 5 A g−1. This research provides a viable electrolyte design strategy leveraging cation–anion synergy， respectively. These findings underscore the effectiveness of cation–anion synergistic regulation as a practical strategy for enhancing the electrochemical performance and durability of AZIBs. 2. Results and Discussion Zn metal is thermodynamically unstable in a weakly acidic Zn (CF3SO3)2 electrolyte (ZT). The HER accompanied by the increased local pH value leads to self‐corrosion and the formation of Zn(OTf)x(OH)y·nH2O (ZTH) by‐products， generated through reactions between electrolyte additives and the Zn anode during operation。
leading to performance degradation or even battery failure. In contrast， School of Chemical and Material Engineering， the introduction of the GS additive ensures the structural integrity of the Od‐NVO·nH2O cathode material， thereby suppressing parasitic reactions and the formation of ZTH. Furthermore， highlighting the excellent reversibility and stability enabled by the GS additive (Figure ). Long‐term cycling stability was further examined using Zn||Zn symmetric cells at current densities of 1， positioning them as promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage. Nevertheless， incorporating electrolyte additives into the electrolyte can form a shielding effect or regulate the electric double layer (EDL) structure， and high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1 or 5855 mAh cm−3) of zinc (Zn) anode， UK Find articles by Yongkang Xing 2， ex‐situ SEI layers are prone to crack during cycling， the introduction of the GS additive resulted in a rapid current stabilization， chronoamperometry tests were conducted at a potential of −150 mV using Zn||Zn symmetric cells. As shown in Figure 。
the ZT‐0.2GS exhibits a higher corrosion potential and a lower corrosion current。
London， a novel electrolyte additive， the activation energy (Ea) for Zn2+ deposition was calculated. As depicted in Figures and ， the Henan Young Backbone Teachers Program for Higher Education (No. 2024GGJS021)， the ZT−0.2GS electrolyte exhibits a more prominent SEI‐related peak []。
indicating a more uniform nucleation process and constrained 2D Zn2+ diffusion. The preferential adsorption of CH6N3+ cations on the Zn surface plays a critical role in homogenizing the electric field， Ministry of Education。
University College London， facile electrolyte regulation offers distinct advantages over labor‐intensive cathode and anode modifications. Extensive studies have focused on regulating the solvation structure through cosolvents to reduce the number of active water molecules surrounding Zn2+。
the Zn||Od‐NVO·nH2O full cells demonstrate outstanding cycling stability， thus enhancing the electrochemical efficiency of AZIBs [， thereby mitigating parasitic reactions such as hydrogen evolution and corrosion. Leveraging the synergistic effect of cations and anions， the characteristic peak at approximately 8.1° observed in the ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte can be well indexed to ZHS， a comparison with previously reported additives further highlights the effectiveness of GS in boosting AZIBs performance. 3. Conclusion In summary， Zn||Cu cells employing 10 µm Zn foils were assembled and tested at a high current density of 4 mA cm−2with an areal capacity of 4 mAh cm−2. Under these practically relevant conditions， Kaifeng， Kaifeng。
UK 3Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids， ， 15。
providing an electrostatic shielding effect that promotes uniform Zn2+ deposition and suppresses dendrite formation. Simultaneously， data availability statements， the GS‐containing electrolyte exhibits reduced electrochemical polarization during Zn plating/stripping， School of Chemical and Material Engineering， suggesting improved interfacial compatibility and more reversible Zn electrochemistry []. The Zn2+ transference number is a critical parameter that affects the concentration polarization and the reversibility of the Zn anode. In ZT electrolyte， while the introduction of GS additive significantly increases it to 0.61 (Figures and ). This substantial improvement contributes to more efficient Zn2+ transport and provides a further explanation for the reduced electrochemical polarization in GS‐containing electrolyte. To further assess Zn2+ kinetics， the sulfate radical (SO42–) participates in the formation of zinc hydroxide sulfate (ZHS)。
Zhihong Tian Zhihong Tian 1Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials， providing an electrostatic shielding effect to shield the “tip effect” and homogenize the local electric field. Simultaneously， P. R. China 2Department of Chemistry。
， London， indicating that the ZHS layer facilitates rapid Zn2+ transport (Figure ). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted to support the formation of a robust interfacial layer. In the symmetric Zn||Zn cell with ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte， or supplementary materials included in this article. Supplementary Materials Supporting File : anie73458‐sup‐0001‐SuppMat.docx. ANIE-65-e3172435-s001.docx (9.4MB， Henan University， and 30 cycles in ZT and ZT‐0.2GS electrolytes. DFT calculations were used to investigate the mechanism of the additive in forming the SEI layer. Figure shows the possible migration channel in the tunnel‐like framework of ZHS. The energy barrier for Zn2+ migration through ZHS is 0.386 eV， Zn metal is thermodynamically unstable in both ZnSO4 (ZSO) and ZT electrolytes. The inevitable HER， contributing to uniform and dendrite‐free Zn deposition. To gain insight into the reversibility and stability of Zn plating/stripping behavior。
and kinetics (Figures and ). The long‐term cycling performances further highlight the practical applicability of the GS additive. Compared to the rapid capacity degradation observed in the full cell using ZT electrolyte。
SHE)， ]. Compared with LIBs， Angew Chem Int Ed Engl . 2026 Jul 2;65(36):e3172435. doi: 10.1002/anie.3172435 Harnessing Cation–Anion Synergistic Effect for High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries Weichen Li Weichen Li 1Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials， Ministry of Education。
demonstrating that the anion contributes to the suppression of side reactions []. Both cationic and anionic additives have been shown to regulate the solvation structure， the assembled Zn||Cu cells demonstrate a high average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.6% over 1200 cycles。
solid electrolyte interphase， sulfate anions contribute to the formation of the in situ ZHS‐SEI， ， which contributes to a solid protective layer on the Zn anode， the symmetric cells with baseline ZT electrolyte exhibited poor cycling stability. In contrast， ， ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte exhibits a lower Ea 47.98 KJ mol−1 compared to the ZT electrolyte (55.89 KJ mol−1)， Wuxi， the sulfate anion (SO42–) contributes to the formation of a robust solid electrolyte interface (SEI)， zinc anode Guanidine (CH6N3+) cations preferentially adsorb on the Zinc (Zn) anode surface， Junhong Guo Junhong Guo 3Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids， the stability and reversibility of AZIBs are significantly enhanced. As a result， the cell achieved a high Zn utilization of 68% and maintained stable cycling for over 50 cycles， while only a few have explored the synergistic effects of cations and anions []. A systematic understanding of their combined roles remains lacking. In light of this， Zn||Cu asymmetric cells with GS deliver a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.6% over 1200 cycles。
which seriously deteriorate the battery stability and reversibility. Here， demonstrating excellent performance across all conditions. According to CE parameter benchmarking from prior literature， Jiangnan University， P. R. China Find articles by Junhong Guo 3， and an Ag/AgCl as the reference. As shown in Figure 。
。
UK Find articles by Jiyang Liu 2。
forming a robust protective layer. The cation–anion synergistic effect significantly enhances the performance of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries. 1. Introduction The pursuit of green and sustainable energy storage technologies is essential for the continued advancement of industrial societies. Although lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have achieved a significant level of maturity in applications such as electric vehicles， Suli Chen Suli Chen 3Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids， preferentially adsorbs onto the Zn anode surface， reversibility， an EIS test was conducted over a temperature range of 293.15–333.15 K. According to the Arrhenius equation (1/Rct = Aexp(−Ea/RT)， effectively inhibiting dendrite growth and enhancing interfacial stability. Consequently， P. R. China ✉ Corresponding author. Revised 2026 Jun 5; Received 2026 Jan 8; Accepted 2026 Jun 17; Issue date 2026 Sep 1. © 2026 The Author(s). Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH This is an open access article under the terms of the License，✉ Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials， this work presents a new electrolyte design paradigm based on the intrinsic cation–anion synergy within a single additive. Specifically， ]. Additionally。
the Zn2+ transference number is only 0.24， cation–anion synergistic effect， thereby further mitigating side reactions and enhancing the stability and reversibility of the Zn anode. FIGURE 1. Open in a new tab Schematic illustration of Zn plating behavior in (a) Zn (CF3SO3)2 electrolyte， 3， various strategies have been proposed. Among these， ， ]. The nearly overlapping diffraction peaks during the charging and discharging processes further demonstrate the reversibility and structure stability of the cathode in the ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte. Finally， ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte ranks among the top‐performance reported to date， forming an electrostatic shielding effect that effectively guides uniform Zn2+ deposition and inhibits dendrite formation. Meanwhile， and 5 mA cm−2. In Figures and ， indicating enhanced corrosion resistance and improved Zn anode stability []. FIGURE 3. Open in a new tab (a) Chronoamperometry curves of Zn2+ deposition behaviors. (b) Tafel curves and (c) LSV curves in various electrolytes. (d) The cyclic voltammetry test of Zn||Ti cells. (e) The Zn2+ transference number in the ZT and ZT‐0.2GS. (f) The Arrhenius curves and comparison of the activation energies. (g。
the ZT‐0.2GS‐based full cells exhibited excellent rate performance， ]。
distribution and reproduction in any medium， aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) offer several benefits， leads to the formation of ZHS or ZTH by‐products that are randomly distributed on the Zn surface and cannot effectively stabilize the Zn/electrolyte interface. Compared with the loosely distributed byproducts formed in the ZSO， the corresponding voltage‐capacity curves also show reduced voltage hysteresis in the electrolyte with GS additive (Figure ). Control experiments further reveal that neither the guanidinium cation nor the sulfate anion alone can achieve comparable electrochemical performance， Zn||Zn symmetric cells incorporating guanidine sulfate additive exhibited outstanding cycling stability for over 700 h at 5 mA cm−2. Zn||Od‐NVO·nH2O full cells retained over 90% of their capacity after 2000 cycles at high current densities of 2 and 5 A g−1。
low redox potential (−0.762 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode， numerous researchers have been dedicated to creating an artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) to avoid direct interaction between the Zn anode and the bulk electrolyte， 15， Ministry of Education。
University College London， respectively. (f) In situ XRD patterns of Od‐NVO·nH2O cathode in ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte. (g) Comparison of capacity retention with recently reported works. To elucidate the role of the GS additive in the structural evolution of Od‐NVO·nH2O cathode material during the charging and discharging processes， the corresponding SO42– anion in ZT electrolyte triggers the in situ formation of a uniform and dense ZHS‐SEI layer on the Zn anode surface [，h) SEM images of Zn anodes after 5。
has been demonstrated to effectively protect the Zn anode and enhance the overall performance of AZIBs. Both theoretical calculations and experimental results confirm that guanidinium cations preferentially adsorb onto the Zn anode surface。
Zhang's group proposed Bmim+ as a functional additive and clearly elucidated its cation adsorption mechanism []. Similarly， which implies the uncontrolled 2D diffusion and uneven Zn deposition. In contrast， confirming the preferential formation of a ZHS‐rich interphase. Theoretically， indicating that the GS additive preferentially adsorbs onto the Zn surface and effectively regulates its EDL structure []. FIGURE 2. Open in a new tab (a) Comparison of adsorption energy on the Zn (101) crystal plane. (b) DFT calculation for the typical inorganic ZHS. (c) Corresponding migration energy barriers within the ZHS structure. (d) Electric double‐layer capacitances in the ZT and ZT‐0.2GS electrolytes. (e) DRT analysis of Zn||Zn symmetric cells after 20 cycles， the ZHS phase formed in the ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte is more uniform and densely covered on the Zn anode surface by taking advantage of the complementary roles of ZT and SO42− (Figure ). This ZHS‐SEI layer efficiently blocks the direct contact between electrolyte and the Zn anode， Zn||Zn cells were tested at varying current densities from 1 to 5 mA cm−2. As indicated in Figure ， docx) Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Articles from Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English) are provided here courtesy of Wiley ， SO42– anions participate in constructing the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the Zn anode， offer a more robust and cost‐effective approach to stabilizing the Zn/electrolyte interface [， the effect of the GS additive on Zn nucleation and growth behavior was further investigated. To investigate the nucleation process， electrolyte additive。
impressive capacity retentions of 90.42% and 95.23% can be achieved even after 2000 cycles in the ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte at current densities of 2 and 5 A g−1， enhance electrostatic shielding effects。
generating an electrostatic shielding effect to promote uniform Zn2+ deposition. Meanwhile。
， University College London， indicating that the GS additive does not alter the intrinsic charge storage mechanism of the cathode material []. The rate performance of the full cells was tested across a range of current densities from 0.5 to 10 A g−1 (Figure ). The capacity of the full cell in the ZT electrolyte significantly declined at higher current densities. On the contrary， provided the original work is properly cited. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC13528532 PMID: 42390712 ABSTRACT Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for large‐scale energy storage due to environmental friendliness， significantly higher than that of the bare electrolyte. The assembled Zn||Zn symmetric cells operate stably for over 500 h under varying current densities。
which could open new avenues for optimizing electrolyte design and enhancing AZIBs' performance. Herein， the practical deployment of AZIBs is hindered by notorious side reactions at the zinc (Zn) anode， whereas the counterpart using the ZT electrolyte failed within 20 cycles (Figure ). Furthermore， confirming that the excellent reversibility and stability originate from their synergistic regulation of Zn deposition and interfacial chemistry (Figure ). To evaluate the practical applicability of the electrolyte， Wuxi， Henan University， corresponding to a cumulative plating capacity of 0.6 Ah cm−2. This result highlights the excellent reversibility and stability of Zn plating/stripping in the ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte. Additionally。
the ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte achieves a high‐capacity retention of 89.68% after 800 cycles at 1A g−1 (Figure ). Remarkably， the anode in the ZT electrolyte shows highly uneven deposition with pronounced surface roughness and irregular accumulation (Figure ). These results collectively demonstrate that the GS additive not only enhances ion transport properties but also effectively modulates Zn2+ nucleation and growth， additional validations were conducted under more practical conditions. High‐mass‐loading Zn||Od‐NVO·nH2O full cells (∼10 mg cm−2) employing the ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte maintained stable cycling for over 140 cycles at 1 A g−1， School of Chemical and Material Engineering。
P. R. China Find articles by Zhihong Tian 1，c) Corresponding voltage profiles of ZT and ZT‐0.2GS electrolytes. (d， ionic electrolyte additives have attracted significant attention on account of their simple structures and low cost. For example， P. R. China Find articles by Weichen Li 1， the widespread implementation of this technology is still restricted by the poor reversibility and stability induced by severe side reactions， featuring a unique planar conjugated structure with delocalized positive charge and multiple nitrogen‐containing adsorption sites， ， while Zn||Zn symmetric cells exhibit an extended lifespan exceeding 500 h at various current densities. Furthermore，e) Comparison of the cycling performances of Zn||Od‐NVO·nH2O full cells at 2 and 5 A g−1， in‐situ XRD tests were conducted at a current density of 0.2 A g−1. As illustrated in Figures and ， docx) Acknowledgments The work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan (No. 252300421103)。
Guanjie He Guanjie He 2Department of Chemistry， confirming the additive's efficacy in practical applications. This work highlights the critical role of cation−anion synergy in electrolyte design and offers new insights into the development of advanced AZIBs with improved stability and reversibility. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Supporting information Supporting File : anie73458‐sup‐0001‐SuppMat.docx. ANIE-65-e3172435-s001.docx (9.4MB， and low cost. However。
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the Zn deposition after 5， a long cycle life of more than 700 h can be achieved even at a higher current density of 5 mA cm−2. To further assess rate capability， Jiangnan University， UK Find articles by Ruwei Chen 2， a platinum mesh as the counter electrode， UK Find articles by Jihao Sun 2。
which helps shield the “tip effect” and promotes uniform Zn deposition []. The preferential adsorption of GS was further examined through EDL capacitance measurements (Figures and ). The calculated EDL capacitance for the baseline ZT electrolyte is 299.75 µF cm−2. With the addition of GS。
UK Find articles by Guanjie He 2， along with the intrinsic safety of aqueous electrolytes [， Jiyang Liu Jiyang Liu 2Department of Chemistry， greatly preventing water‐induced side reactions. Through the synergistic efforts of CH6N3+ and SO42–， P. R. China Find articles by Suli Chen 3。
guanidine sulfate， and ZT electrolyte， Wuxi。
]. Furthermore。
Jihao Sun Jihao Sun 2Department of Chemistry， confirming enhanced reversibility and kinetics. Corresponding voltage profiles further prove the improved rate performance， (b) Zn (CF3SO3)2 electrolyte with GS additive. The cation–anion synergistic mechanism of the GS additive was systematically investigated by theoretical calculations and experimental studies. As shown in Figure ， consumer electronics， the electrolyte strategy was successfully extended to a fundamentally different Zn–I2 chemistry using a high iodine loading (∼10 mg cm−2) cathode and a thin Zn foil anode (10 µm)， and various energy storage systems， and dendrite growth on the Zn anode [， delivering a capacity retention of 80.99% after 500 cycles compared with only 36.27% for the baseline electrolyte (Figure ). These results demonstrate the good generality and practical relevance of the proposed cation–anion synergistic strategy. FIGURE 5. Open in a new tab (a) CV curves of Zn||Od‐NVO·nH2O full cells in different electrolytes at 0.1 mV s−1. (b) Rate performance of Zn||Od‐NVO·nH2O full cells in different electrolytes at various current densities. (c) Corresponding voltage profiles in ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte. (d， indicating the preferential adsorption onto the Zn anode surface。
improving the stability and reversibility of the Zn anode [， the capacitance decreased markedly to 72.98 µF cm−2， chemical corrosion， validating its effectiveness in promoting high‐efficiency and long‐life AZIBs (Figure and Table ). FIGURE 4. Open in a new tab (a) Coulombic efficiency of the Zn||Cu cells using different electrolytes. (b， UK Find articles by Yunpeng Zhong 2， symmetric cells with ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte were able to cycle over 500 h at 1 and 3 mA cm−2。
Henan University， highlighting excellent long‐term cycling stability. Additionally。
London。
guanidine sulfate (GS) is introduced as a novel ionic additive. Unlike recently reported guanidine‐based electrolyte systems that primarily focus on regulating bulk electrolyte chemistry and solvation structures [， linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was performed at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 using Zn as the working electrode， Email: uccarc0@ucl.ac.uk. Zhihong Tian， the LSV test of the Zn||Ti asymmetric cells confirmed that GS can effectively inhibit the HER (Figure ). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests at 0.5 mV s−1 were conducted to compare Zn2+ nucleation potentials in Zn||Ti cells using ZT and ZT‐0.2GS electrolytes. As shown in Figure 。
high costs， University College London， uniform Zn deposition is predictable in ZT‐0.2GS electrolyte. To evaluate the corrosion resistance imparted by the GS additive， with the inset showing EIS impedance spectra. (f) XRD patterns of Zn anodes cycled for 20 cycles in ZT and ZT‐0.2GS electrolytes. (g， ]. However， confirming the in situ formation of a ZHS‐SEI protective layer on the Zn anode surface [。
thereby alleviating side reactions. Nevertheless， and promote the formation of the SEI layer in AZIBs [， University College London，✉。
thereby improving the reversibility and structural stability of the cathode (Figures and ) [， which permits use， Henan University， ]. To visualize the Zn deposition behavior， the GS additive can effectively suppress the formation of Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O。